PVC Alternatives Are Here? Not So Fast

PVC is used to make a wide variety of useful products and the reason for that is simple: the material solves practical problems better than any substitute can. In some cases, there aren’t even viable alternative materials available.

Nevertheless, we’ve seen a handful of recent news stories claiming “PVC free” products can be easily swapped in place of the real thing – and yield the same results. Both Yale Environment360 as well as Floor Trends & Installation published articles in the PVC-can-be-replaced genre within the last month. These pieces perpetuate errors and misinformation about the safety and benefits of vinyl and PVC products, so let’s take a brief look at each one.

Yale repeats activist talking points

Yale Environment 360 claimed in a February 15 story that “there are alternatives for PVC for most uses — including for vinyl records, medical devices, and construction material.” But the situation isn’t that simple. 

As the story briefly acknowledges, these substitutes are significantly more expensive—90 percent more in the case of ductile iron pipe. In practice that means Americans would pay a lot more for access to essential goods and services that PVC already does – safely – for a lot less, including clean drinking water, medical care, and construction. And as inflation continues to strain family budgets, especially in sectors like housing, the cost savings created by PVC simply can’t be ignored. 

The other important point is that eliminating PVC would also discard the benefits the material provides. The Vinyl Institute has noted many of these upsides in separate reports focusing on PVC water pipe and medical devices.  

For instance, PVC bags preserve blood much longer than other materials. They also reduce the risk of contamination and breakage, which is why health care providers have mostly abandoned glass containers for storing blood and other important fluids.  

Likewise, PVC pipe has “the lowest break rate when compared to cast iron, ductile iron, steel and asbestos cement pipes,” according to new research from Utah State University. PVC pipe also drastically reduces tuberculation, a form of internal corrosion and biofilm contamination that can occur in other piping materials. Tuberculation creates a breeding ground for harmful bacteria such as Legionella and E. coli, as the National Academy of Sciences has explained.

Debunking flooring myths (again)

In a pair of recent stories on vinyl flooring, Floor Trends & Installation makes the same unforced errors Yale did. While the outlet notes PVC/vinyl flooring has “price and design flexibility,” and that most alternative materials “cost more,” it still suggests that the industry is (and should be) moving away from the material.

Major questions surround the lasting durability and strength of unproven PVC alternative flooring materials. The outlet also vaguely points to “concerns about health impacts and environmental hazards” of vinyl flooring. But none of these claims withstand scientific scrutiny. 

Floor Trends & Installation claims, for example, that “phthalates used in vinyl flooring had negative human health impacts.” But credible research doesn’t support this claim. We’ve debunked it multiple times now, but the bottom line is this: Phthalates used in PVC products have been safely used in consumer and commercial products for over five decades. They are some of the most tested substances in the world. Independent scientists know very well that phthalates are safe for their intended use. 

Even the California Office of Environmental Health and Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) – which implements some of the strictest environmental regulations of any state in the nation – issued a “Safe Use Determination for diisononyl phthalate (DINP) in vinyl flooring measured at or below designated OEHHA safe harbor levels. “OEHHA’s decision confirms that the presence of DINP in vinyl flooring not exceeding the 18.9% threshold is safe and appropriate for consumers,” noted Dean Thompson, then-president of the Resilient Floor Covering Institute (RFCI). 

That fact was a simple Google search away – and would have added important balance and clarity for Floor Trends & Installation readers. Yet it was conveniently omitted because it failed to conform to the author’s preconceived anti-PVC narrative.

Conclusion

In sum, PVC is a safe material that lowers the costs of vitally important products that protect public health and the environment. This is why the market for the material is rapidly growing and projected to reach $12 billion by 2031. Attempts to eliminate PVC from modern life are driven by ideologues, not defenders of credible science, who have little regard for the consequences (unintended or not) of their positions. 

The media can (and should) do better. But we’ve seen this behavior before. It’s why we do what we do here at Vinyl Verified. When reporters fall short of their own journalism standards, we’ll point out their errors, omissions and misleading statements, so that the public can base their judgements on a full and complete view of the facts.  

Defending Vinyl Chloride: Unveiling Fact Amidst Misinformation Campaigns

Vinyl chloride (VC) makes modern life possible. As a building block for hundreds of products, the chemical enables the safe production and use of technologies that can be seen all around us. From life-saving blood bags, sustainable water pipes, car interiors and televisions to durable flooring, furniture, wall coverings and electrical wiring – even the cables that connect us to the internet – are all possible thanks to VC. The list goes on and on and on.

Ignoring these fundamental facts, a handful of agenda-fueled activist groups have sought to exploit the tragic events in East Palestine last February to ban VC. Two groups merit special scrutiny here: Toxic-Free Future (TFF) and the anti-VC website Safe Piping Matters (SPM).

Both outfits have recently amplified outright falsehoods about the safety of using and transporting VC as the first anniversary of the derailment in Ohio approaches.

We’d like to take a closer look at the misinformation promoted by these groups and dispel the unfounded concerns they’ve tried to foist on the public.

Transporting VC: just the facts

In late January, TFF published an error-riddled report attacking the rail transport of vinyl chloride. The authors employed carefully selected statistics and half-truths to build their fallacious case, urging the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to ban VC. SPM repeated many of the same talking points in a pair of recent blog posts.

The primary flaw in the TFF report was its assumption that large quantities of VC are transported by rail. “We estimate that up to 36 million pounds of vinyl chloride travels … across nearly 2,000 miles of U.S. railways at any given moment,” the authors speculated. Left out of the report was the CDC’s striking observation that “In many cases, vinyl chloride is transported by pipeline directly to the plant producing [other products].

In fact, around 95% of the vinyl chloride consumed in the United States is sent by pipeline to a processing facility on the same property. Put another way, TFF’s estimates represent just five percent of the VC used in the US.

Since so little vinyl chloride is shipped by rail, train accidents involving VC are exceedingly rare. Nevertheless, rail remains a very safe way to ship chemicals. More than two million carloads of plastics, fertilizers and other chemicals were moved by rail in 2022. And while the goal is for 100% safe transportation, more than 99.9 percent reached their destinations without incident.

Indeed, derailments are generally uncommon in the US. According to a 2021 analysis by the Eno Center for Transportation, the “vast majority” of train accidents are derailments that occur in rail yards or elsewhere on rail company property. Most of these accidents are “relatively minor,” the report added. Department of Transportation data also shows that train accidents have steadily and significantly declined since 2000.

VC safety

Transportation aside, Toxic-Free Future’s allegations about VC are equally misleading. The simple fact is that six decades of research and real-world use prove VC is safe.

Exposure to VC is nearly non-existent today. TFF omitted that the industry has completely changed the way VC is processed to protect workers during manufacturing. And the industry conforms with very strict manufacturing and safety regulations by the US government.

This is supported by the fact that the last case of a very rare form of liver cancer attributed to VC exposure during production in the 1970s was diagnosed in 1974 — that is, 50 years ago. But groups like TFF want the public to falsely equate the modern vinyl industry with its predecessor from the 1970s. And in doing so, they ignore major technological developments that have dramatically improved worker safety since.

We prefer the way the Biden Administration put it in 2022: “... [T]he vinyl industry takes safety and health seriously.”

Implying that the public is at risk from vinyl chloride exposure is even more disingenuous. Ironically, we can illustrate this point using the source TFF cited to bolster its safety claim, the CDC’s Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), which stated:

“Vinyl chloride is not normally found in urban, suburban, or rural air in amounts that are detectable…”

ATSDR noted this in the very document TFF referenced. A separate agency FAQ also cited by TFF reported that the general public is unlikely to be exposed to VC through food or water, while other studies have found that finished products contain miniscule amounts of vinyl chloride that cannot cause harm.

Facts must prevail

The TFF report concluded with a call that the EPA “expeditiously” ban VC, owing to the “serious danger” it holds for public health. Though as we’ve seen in just this brief analysis, neither the transportation nor the production of vinyl chloride poses a threat to Americans.

The unfortunate truth is that Toxic-Free Future and sympathetic outfits like Safe Piping Matters are willing to mislead the public and disrupt their lives–that’s what a VC ban would do–if it gives them an opportunity to advance their anti-plastic agenda. Americans deserve much better than that.

Media Malpractice: GRIST Withholds Key Safety Info From Readers

We want the public to know all the facts about PVC. Whenever the media has questions about the extensive safety record or hundreds of uses of this versatile plastic, we’re eager to supply science-based answers. Unfortunately, we sometimes come across reporters who ask for our input on their stories only to use it selectively to bolster the ideological narrative they want to sell to their readers.

Case in point: GRIST reporter Joseph Winters asked our colleagues at the Vinyl Institute for information about the safety of vinyl chloride (VCM), a chemical used to manufacture PVC, for a recent story he wrote about the EPA’s upcoming review of VCM. 

Specifically, Winters asked the Institute to address the claim that “vinyl chloride producers sought to suppress/downplay information about the health and environmental risks of vinyl chloride during the 1970s and onward.”

A long safety record

The Vinyl Institute happily explained why that criticism is misguided. They noted, for instance, that the industry devised an innovative technique in the 1970s to remove residual vinyl chloride from PVC products, further reducing consumer exposure to the chemical. 

Manufacturers also began implementing a production process that all but eliminated worker exposure to VCM. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) agrees. This technological development “greatly reduced atmospheric releases of VCM and almost completely eliminated worker exposures,” the agency explained in 1997.

Winters also learned that the US PVC industry has decreased total annual emissions of vinyl chloride by 74 percent while doubling its production volume over the last three decades. The Vinyl Institute recently honored 13 production facilities with its Environmental Excellence Award for their outstanding performance under the EPA’s strict emissions standards for air pollutants. 

The Biden Administration has also recognized the industry’s exemplary performance record. In November 2022, the Department of Labor publicly commended the Vinyl Institute for creating programs that “take safety and health seriously.”  

Activism masquerading as journalism

How much of this information did Winters include in history? None of it. Instead, the GRIST piece briefly quoted a statement that was already publicly available:

Ned Monroe, president and CEO of an industry trade group called the Vinyl Institute, said in a statement that his organization is “fully prepared to work with the EPA” during its vinyl chloride assessment, expressing confidence that the chemical will continue to be produced. “We believe this risk evaluation will further assure that the production of vinyl chloride and use of PVC products are safe,” he said.

Winters spent the rest of the piece amplifying misinformation about PVC from activist groups like Beyond Plastics, which we have refuted multiple times in just the last year.

Journalists have an obligation to report the whole story. Their job is to inform, not propagandize, the public. Winters paid lip service to this responsibility by including a single comment from the Vinyl Institute, but his gesture was clearly just for show. That’s a shame, because his readers walked away from his article needlessly alarmed about a low-risk chemical that actually makes their lives better.

Science Vs Hype: Fact-Checking Anti-Plastic Ideologues On PVC

PVC is a vitally important material. This versatile plastic expands access to life-saving medical care, delivers clean drinking water to millions of Americans and helps keep our food safe from harmful contamination. 

Unfortunately, a cohort of rabble-rousing activists is more interested in eliminating plastic than promoting public health. They’re utilizing science-free scare tactics to try and pressure the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) into banning vinyl chloride (VCM), a chemical with a proven safety record that’s used to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC). 

For example, Liz Hitchcock, director of the federal policy program at Toxic-Free Future, declared:“If EPA follows the science and the law … they will be led to the conclusion that vinyl chloride is far too dangerous… and should be banned.” Echoing the same sentiment, Judith Enck, president of the billionaire-backed activist group Beyond Plastics, alleged “There is solid scientific evidence that vinyl chloride is a dangerous chemical.” Not to be outdone, The Union of Concerned Scientists claimed:

“…[T]he scientific evidence is overwhelming—vinyl chloride causes unacceptable levels of harm to human health and the environment, with impacts from its production to disposal.”

The evidence surrounding vinyl chloride is certainly overwhelming, but it’s no help to anti-PVC activists. Let’s take a closer look at what the science really says about this vitally important chemical.  

The facts about VCM

The first and most important question is this: how much vinyl chloride is the public exposed to? The reassuring answer is, “very little.” As we reported recently, removing VCM is part of the PVC manufacturing process. The residual quantities are so negligible that scientists often can’t detect vinyl chloride in finished PVC products consumers use every day. That’s just one of the reasons the National Cancer Institute says that “PVC is not a known or suspected carcinogen.”

The same can be said of environmental VCM exposure. According to the EPA, “outdoor air concentrations of vinyl chloride are generally quite low.”VCM can sometimes be detected in water, but at “very low levels,” the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) adds. Crucially, the EPA concluded in 2014 that vinyl chloride has “low bioaccumulation potential,” meaning it is unlikely to build up in the human body and cause harm. 

Putting all this data together, the public’s exposure to vinyl chloride is so low as to pose no known risk to human health. 

Cancer risk “virtually eliminated”

Enck and other activists enjoy inciting hysteria by claiming vinyl chloride increases cancer risk. That’s highly misleading. The CDC has maintained for decades that a rare liver cancer once linked to industrial VCM exposure among workers during the manufacturing process has been “virtually eliminated.” 

This important public health achievement was driven by major improvements in the vinyl chloride manufacturing process in the 1970s “that greatly reduced atmospheric releases of VCM and almost completely eliminated worker exposures,” the CDC explains.  

Put another way, even workers who manufacture vinyl chloride aren’t in harm’s way. That’s a striking observation, and it prompts an obvious question: if the people who make VCM don’t face a meaningful risk, how can Enck and her allies insist that the public be scared of the chemical? 

The bottom line

Anti-PVC activists profess a commitment to science. But when faced with the option to follow the evidence wherever it leads, the groups attacking vinyl chloride quickly veer off course to preserve their ideological assault on plastics. Such people don’t deserve to be taken seriously. 

Safe Piping Matters contradicts 50 years of science on PVC

A one-person “group” with a clear anti-PVC pipe agenda that goes by the contrived name “Safe Piping Matters” (SPM) recently promoted a study by two Poland-based researchers and made some rather odd claims about PVC pipe that have never (to our knowledge) been replicated. 

 Why Paul Hagar, SPM’s executive director, would stake his personal reputation on statements that fail the basic scientific red-face test is beyond us. Truth be told, we would have ignored it altogether, except the scribes at Mechanical Hub decided to lower their journalistic standards by reflexively covering it without doing any homework whatsoever. So yet again, we find ourselves in the familiar place of having to do their job for them. 

 According to SPM, the crux of the study by researchers Joanna Świetlik and Marta Magnucka (a Ph.D. student) is that aging plastic pipes “release particles of plastic into water.” No other study we’ve seen, in over 50 years of rigorous scientific research, has ever shown this to occur. Ever. PVC pipe is a rigid material that doesn't “peel” the way SPM would like people to believe. Any discovery of microparticles found in municipal water supplies must take other sources into account – sources that may not have been considered in their work. 

Reputable media outlets have a responsibility to challenge study conclusions drawn from agenda-driven organizations that contradict decades of rigorous science before spoon-feeding them to unwitting readers. Outlets should take the time to investigate whether claims withstand scientific scrutiny before giving them the credibility they sometimes don’t deserve. That regrettably didn’t happen over at Mechanical Hub, which took SPM’s bait and reported the Polish study and SPM’s conclusions without doing any real reporting at all. 

We’ll be watching Safe Piping Matters, the outlets that cover them, and the flawed studies they promote, to advance the cause of a more accurate discourse on PVC pipe.

When It Comes To PVC, Media Prefers Assumptions Over Science

The media routinely and needlessly alarms parents about the risks of chemical exposure. Reporters who write chemophobic news stories of this sort follow a predictable pattern: craft a hyperbolic headline; use loaded terms like “harmful” and “toxic” without defining them; imply that children are in harm’s way even if they aren’t; quote an expert to give the story superficial credibility.

Chemical & Engineering News (C&EN) followed this routine to the letter in a deeply misleading story about a new report published by scientists in the European Union (EU). “Harmful compounds lurk in childcare products, EU report says,” the article’s headline announced. The author mentioned vinyl chloride (VCM), a chemical used to manufacture PVC, as one such substance found in children’s products.  

The problem? There isn’t a single piece of credible evidence to support that allegation.  

Ignoring evidence

The C&EN story makes no mention of the fact that removing VCM is actually part of the PVC manufacturing process. The residual quantities are so negligible that scientists often can’t detect vinyl chloride in finished PVC products. Independent studies and research conducted by the FDA have confirmed this fact many times in recent years:

“Surveys of recent [PVC] resin data, reviews of pipe product certification reports, and recent food package testing by the [FDA] show that current residual vinyl chloride monomer (RVCM) levels in all grades of PVC resin typically are significantly below acceptable levels and that resulting fabricated products are typically at nondetect levels…”

The C&EN article contains several odd statements that make perfect sense in light of this information. For instance, the story reports that “the exposure of people who use the products in question is assumed and does not need to be specifically measured.” Elsewhere the author notes that “scientists assumed that children could be exposed to harmful compounds in childcare products.”

“In other cases,” the author writes, ”the compounds themselves were not directly detected but were instead suspected.” The story goes on to quote an ECHA toxicologist as saying “it’s possible that some vinyl chloride could be left in the polyvinyl chloride used to make a product such as a changing pad.”

By “assuming” and “suspecting” the “possible” presence of a compound that “could” pose a risk to children, EU officials skipped a fundamental aspect of the scientific method: drawing conclusions based on sound evidence. Worse, C&EN took the bait by promoting the flawed views of the study’s authors with a tantalizing headline that deceives parents about the safety of PVC.  

Conclusion

Scientists have a responsibility to base their findings on facts, not speculation. LIkewise, journalists have an obligation to question those findings before auto-reporting them to an unwitting public. At the very least, readers expect media outlets to include an industry comment, which regrettably didn’t happen here. 

When it comes to chemical safety, the media often ignores science and exaggerates the risks consumers face. News reports that make unfounded claims about threats to children aren’t journalism; they’re propaganda designed to push an agenda. 

Beyond Belief: Activist ‘Documentary’ Spreads Myths About PVC, East Palestine

The train derailment in East Palestine, Ohio, last February was a terrible tragedy. While cleanup efforts advance and independent experts closely monitor the health of local residents, fully assessing the situation on the ground takes time. Ideological activists have capitalized on that fact to bolster their decades-long campaign against vinyl chloride (VCM) and PVC. 

Led by the billionaire-backed group Beyond Plastics, a coalition of political agitators quickly descended on the town and launched a media blitz that continues to this day—the goal being to sow doubt about the safety of plastic products Americans use every day without incident. 

The latest salvo in this campaign is a deeply dishonest documentary called “What Really Happened in East Palestine?” With significant input coming from Beyond Plastics, almost every claim the film makes is patently false or highly misleading.

Abusing a tragedy
As a precursor to PVC, vinyl chloride is an essential chemical; it’s used to engineer life-saving medical devices, sustainable water infrastructure and even plastic wraps that prevent food waste. If Beyond Plastics can create enough concern about vinyl chloride, it can lobby for the elimination of all these products. Helping the residents of East Palestine is clearly not the goal, as the press release for the documentary illustrates.

A rare occurrence 

The problems with the documentary begin immediately. Just a few seconds into the film, the narrator claims that the accident in Ohio “can happen anywhere.” But this assessment is completely backwards: the events in East Palestine stand out precisely because they are incredibly rare. There are three primary reasons we know this is the case.

First, vinyl chloride is rarely moved by rail. “In many cases, vinyl chloride is transported by pipeline directly to the plant producing [PVC],” the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) explains. Beyond Plastics kept this critical detail out of the documentary.

Second, when VCM and other chemicals are transported by rail, accidents almost never occur. More than two million carloads of plastics, fertilizers and other chemicals were shipped by rail in 2022. The vast majority—more than 99.9 percent of them—reached their destinations without incident. 

What explains this reassuring safety record? Railroads have very strict safety protocols for transporting vinyl chloride and other chemicals, because they are regulated by the Department of Transportation’s Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) and Federal Railroad Administration (FRA).

This is a trend we see more generally with rail transportation. Data released in 2022 by the Department of Transportation shows that all rail accidents have declined markedly over the last two decades. 

Facts about vinyl chloride

The Beyond Plastics documentary spends most of its runtime on vinyl chloride. We hear from a pair of activist-experts, Andrew Whelton and Judith Enck, both of whom wrongly assert that East Palestine residents have been exposed to harmful levels of VCM and other substances. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), they claim, allowed the public to return home without conducting adequate safety testing. 

But that, too, is false. In July, an independent air sampling study conducted by Carnegie Mellon and Texas A&M found that vinyl chloride measurements in East Palestine “over time from both stationary and mobile monitoring indicated levels below long-term health thresholds.” 

Data collected by the EPA in June led federal regulators to the same conclusion. “EPA continues to review preliminary and final air sampling data, which supports air monitoring trends

that air quality has remained below screening levels,” the agency reported. When local news outlets requested an update in August, EPA added that:

“The air and soil in and around the community has been monitored and sampled, and results confirm our confidence that the air and soil in East Palestine and surrounding communities, including inside homes, is not a concern for incident-specific chemicals.” 

All EPA air, soil and water data from East Palestine is freely available online. As of October 2023, the regulator says its ongoing soil testing indicates that “residents can continue to use their properties for normal use, including recreation and gardening.” 

Conclusion

The residents of East Palestine have endured some very trying circumstances over the last eight months. They deserve our sympathy and whatever material resources are necessary to restore their community. As that rebuilding effort continues, Beyond Plastics and its allies should quit trafficking in fear to bolster their anti-plastic political agenda. 

MIT Technology Review Misleads About PVC Recycling

Two things are certaIn about the sustainability of PVC. First, the material is routinely recycled. Second, many PVC products last for decades, significantly reducing their environmental footprint. Nevertheless, we routinely spot news coverage that overlooks these facts. MIT Technology Review’s October 12 story “Think that your plastic is being recycled? Think again” is a textbook example.

Here are several important points we asked the publication to share with its readers: 

While some researchers claim that PVC can’t be recycled,  the reality is that more than 1 billion pounds of the material are recycled annually in North America at more than 100  vinyl recyclers. Since 2014, post-consumer PVC recycling has increased by more than 40 percent.

Moreover, the unmatched durability of vinyl products dramatically reduces the amount of plastic in circulation. PVC water pipes, for example, have a service life in excess of a century, according to research conducted by Utah State University’s Buried Structures Laboratory. 

Utilizing sustainable plastics is an important step toward a circular economy, and that’s precisely why eliminating PVC would be a mistake.